So... this, I think, becomes less about giving you fish, and instead giving you the pole and some bait. ;)
First, specific gravity will help a lot here, especially on the more gem-like stuff that is free of matrix. I highly encourage you to look at this link... it teaches a basic, fast method:
http://www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com/jhbn...fic_gravity.htmhttp://www.gemselect.com/gem-info/specific-gravity.php has a great list of the specific gravity of many gem stones, as well as clues to the composition and expected structure for each gem.
Note, you wont find petrified wood on there, as how the wood gets crystallized tends to throw S.G. off as a good tool mark. A good way to tell petrified wood from other things is to use a decent lens with 10X or better magnification, and look to see if you can identify structure that is fibrous and vesseled, as you would normally expect from wood. In fact, doing so, with a practiced eye, can even help you narrow down the kind of tree it originally was from. Earth Journal has a pretty slick link for helping with this:
http://www.evolvingearth.org/learnearthsci...trifiedwood.htmFinally, you know the scratch test. That in combination with specific gravity should help you out a long ways without having to break out torches and black lights ... with a few exceptions. Everything you need to know about Mohs Hardness:
http://geology.com/minerals/mohs-hardness-scale.shtmlCan't do more than this... online ID's are for the experts, of which I am not by a long shot. The rest of us just resort to science until we get smart.